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Objectivity
The emergence of objectivity in the mid-nineteenth-century sciences, as revealed through images in scientific atlases-a story of how lofty epistemic ideals fuse with workaday practices. Objectivity has a history, and it is full of surprises.In Objectivity, Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison chart the emergence of objectivity in the mid-nineteenth-century sciences-and show how the concept differs from its alternatives, truth-to-nature and trained judgment.This is a story of lofty epistemic ideals fused with workaday practices in the making of scientific images. From the eighteenth through the early twenty-first centuries, the images that reveal the deepest commitments of the empirical sciences-from anatomy to crystallography-are those featured in scientific atlases, the compendia that teach practitioners what is worth looking at and how to look at it.Galison and Daston use atlas images to uncover a hidden history of scientific objectivity and its rivals.Whether an atlas maker idealizes an image to capture the essentials in the name of truth-to-nature or refuses to erase even the most incidental detail in the name of objectivity or highlights patterns in the name of trained judgment is a decision enforced by an ethos as well as by an epistemology. As Daston and Galison argue, atlases shape the subjects as well as the objects of science.To pursue objectivity-or truth-to-nature or trained judgment-is simultaneously to cultivate a distinctive scientific self wherein knowing and knower converge.Moreover, the very point at which they visibly converge is in the very act of seeing not as a separate individual but as a member of a particular scientific community.Embedded in the atlas image, therefore, are the traces of consequential choices about knowledge, persona, and collective sight.Objectivity is a book addressed to anyone interested in the elusive and crucial notion of objectivity-and in what it means to peer into the world scientifically.
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Objectivity : A Very Short Introduction
- Is objectivity possible?- Can there be objectivity in matters of morals, or tastes?- What would a truly objective account of the world be like?- Is everything subjective, or relative? - Are moral judgments objective or culturally relative?Objectivity is both an essential and elusive philosophical concept.An account is generally considered to be objective if it attempts to capture the nature of the object studied without judgement of a conscious entity or subject.Objectivity stands in contrast to subjectivity: an objective account is impartial, one which could ideally be accepted by any subject, because it does not draw on any assumptions, prejudices, or values of particular subjects.Stephen Gaukroger shows that it is far from clear that we can resolve moral or aesthetic disputes in this way and it has often been argued that such an approach is not always appropriate for disciplines that deal with human, rather than natural, phenomena.Moreover, even in those cases where we seek to be objective, it may be difficult to judge what a truly objective account would look like, and whether it is achievable.This Very Short Introduction demonstrates that there are a number of common misunderstandings about what objectivity is, and explores the theoretical and practical problems of objectivity by assessing the basic questions raised by it.As well as considering the core philosophical issues, Gaukroger also deals with the way in which particular understandings of objectivity impinge on social research, science, and art.ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area.These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly.Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.
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Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth : Philosophical Papers
Richard Rorty's collected papers, written during the 1980s and now published in two volumes, take up some of the issues which divide Anglo-Saxon analytic philosophers and contemporary French and German philosophers and offer something of a compromise - agreeing with the latter in their criticisms of traditional notions of truth and objectivity, but disagreeing with them over the political implications they draw from dropping traditional philosophical doctrines.In this volume Rorty offers a Deweyan account of objectivity as intersubjectivity, one that drops claims about universal validity and instead focuses on utility for the purposes of a community.The sense in which the natural sciences are exemplary for inquiry is explicated in terms of the moral virtues of scientific communities rather than in terms of a special scientific method.The volume concludes with reflections on the relation of social democratic politics to philosophy.
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1000 Masterworks: Dada and New Objectivity
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What is objectivity?
Objectivity is the ability to approach a situation, issue, or topic without being influenced by personal feelings, biases, or opinions. It involves looking at the facts and evidence in a fair and impartial manner, and making decisions or judgments based on rational and logical reasoning rather than emotions or subjective beliefs. Objectivity is important in fields such as journalism, science, and research, where it is crucial to present information and findings in an unbiased and neutral way.
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Why is objectivity so difficult?
Objectivity is difficult to achieve because it requires individuals to set aside their personal biases, emotions, and perspectives in order to see and understand a situation from a neutral standpoint. Our experiences, beliefs, and cultural background can all influence how we perceive and interpret information, making it challenging to remain completely objective. Additionally, the complexity and subjectivity of many issues can make it difficult to separate facts from opinions, further complicating the pursuit of objectivity. Finally, the influence of external factors such as social pressures, power dynamics, and conflicting interests can also make it difficult to maintain objectivity.
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What do you understand by objectivity?
Objectivity refers to the ability to approach a situation, issue, or topic without being influenced by personal biases, emotions, or opinions. It involves looking at the facts and evidence in a fair and impartial manner, without allowing personal feelings or beliefs to cloud one's judgment. Objectivity is important in fields such as journalism, science, and decision-making, as it helps to ensure that information and decisions are based on rational and unbiased analysis. It is the foundation for making fair and balanced assessments of situations and forming well-informed opinions.
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Is true objectivity achievable for humans?
True objectivity, defined as complete impartiality and neutrality, may be difficult for humans to achieve. Our thoughts, beliefs, and experiences shape our perspectives, making it challenging to completely remove bias. However, by being aware of our biases and actively seeking out diverse viewpoints, we can strive towards a more objective understanding of the world. While complete objectivity may be unattainable, the pursuit of objectivity can lead to more balanced and informed decision-making.
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Reading Rodl : On Self-Consciousness and Objectivity
Sebastian Rödl's Self-Consciousness and Objectivity is one of the most original and thought-provoking books in analytic philosophy for the last several years.An ambitious defence of absolute idealism, Rödl rejects the idea that we as thinking beings can position ourselves within a given, mind-independent reality, and instead advances the position that the very idea of an ‘objective reality’ coincides with the self-consciousness of thought. In this outstanding collection, a roster of international contributors critically examine the significance of Rödl's arguments and develop them in new directions.Their contributions are organised into the following six sections: Self-Consciousness and Objectivity and naturalism Self-Consciousness and Objectivity and formal idealism Self-Consciousness and Objectivity and quietism Self-Consciousness and Objectivity and absolute idealism Self-Consciousness and Objectivity and the power of judgment Self-Consciousness and Objectivity and the determinacy of the individualThe volume concludes with an extensive response by Sebastian Rödl to his critics.This book constitutes essential reading for anyone interested in contemporary debates at ther intersection of analytic philosophy and philosophical idealism.
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Context, Truth and Objectivity : Essays on Radical Contextualism
The claim according to which there is a categorial gap between meaning and saying – between what sentences mean and what we say by using them on particular occasions – has come to be widely regarded as being exclusively a claim in the philosophy of language.The present essay collection takes a different approach to these issues.It seeks to explore the ways in which that claim – as defended first by ordinary language philosophy and, more recently, by various contextualist projects – is grounded in considerations that transcend the philosophy of language.More specifically, the volume seeks to explore how that claim is inextricably linked to considerations about the nature of truth and representation.It is thus part of the objective of this volume to rethink the current way of framing the debates on these issues.By framing the debate in terms of an opposition between "ideal language theorists" and their semanticist heirs on the one hand and "communication theorists" and their contextualist heirs on the other, one brackets important controversies and risks obscuring the undoubtedly very real oppositions that exist between different currents of thought.
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Objectivity and Diversity : Another Logic of Scientific Research
Worries about scientific objectivity seem never-ending.Social critics and philosophers of science have argued that invocations of objectivity are often little more than attempts to boost the status of a claim, while calls for value neutrality may be used to suppress otherwise valid dissenting positions.Objectivity is used sometimes to advance democratic agendas, at other times to block them; sometimes for increasing the growth of knowledge, at others to resist it.Sandra Harding is not ready to throw out objectivity quite yet.For all of its problems, she contends that objectivity is too powerful a concept simply to abandon.In Objectivity and Diversity, Harding calls for a science that is both more epistemically adequate and socially just, a science that would ask: How are the lives of the most economically and politically vulnerable groups affected by a particular piece of research?Do they have a say in whether and how the research is done?Should empirically reliable systems of indigenous knowledge count as "real science"?Ultimately, Harding argues for a shift from the ideal of a neutral, disinterested science to one that prizes fairness and responsibility.
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Objectivity : Recovering Determinate Reality in Philosophy, Science, and Everyday Life
The question of objectivity is whether human beings are capable of knowing reality just as it is, or whether there is some necessary distortion in our grasp of the nature of things imposed either by the very nature of our cognitive mechanism, or by such factors as language, culture, personal ambitions, psychological disorders, and class interests.Could it be that we do not see the world at all, since we see it from a particular point of view?Can we ever satisfactorily establish that our understanding of reality is accurate, or must that always remain in doubt?In this book Professor Machan defends objectivity in philosophy, science, and everyday life from its many critics.Objectivity stands in need of a defence because it is a difficult ideal to serve, especially in an era of multiculturalism, deconstructionism, feminism, and diversity.People from different cultures report having radically different experiences, indeed radically different worlds.They usually claim that their experiences are as true as anyone else‘s.Deconstructionists tell us that we know nothing determinate beyond language, i.e., that we don‘t know what we are talking about.Feminists often maintain that women and men see the world in significantly different ways.The idea of diversity gains much of its plausibility from the idea that people from diverse backgrounds all have their own valid ways of seeing the world.The most prominent movements in Anglo-American and continental philosophy are against objectivity.Such figures as Richard Rorty and Jacques Derrida unambiguously deny that human beings are capable of knowing the world as it is.This book considers and responds to these and similar challenges to objectivity.
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Is true objectivity attainable for humans?
True objectivity, defined as complete impartiality and neutrality, is difficult for humans to attain. Our thoughts, beliefs, and experiences shape our perspectives, making it challenging to completely separate ourselves from bias. However, by being aware of our own biases and actively seeking out diverse perspectives, we can strive to be more objective in our judgments and decision-making. While achieving perfect objectivity may be elusive, making a conscious effort to approach situations with an open mind can help us come closer to it.
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Is there objectivity or is everything subjective?
Objectivity and subjectivity exist on a spectrum. While some things can be objectively measured or proven, such as scientific facts or mathematical equations, many aspects of human experience are subjective, influenced by personal beliefs, emotions, and perspectives. It is important to recognize that both objectivity and subjectivity play a role in shaping our understanding of the world, and a balanced approach that considers both perspectives can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of complex issues.
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What exactly do you understand by objectivity?
Objectivity refers to the ability to make decisions or judgments based on facts and evidence rather than personal feelings, opinions, or biases. It involves looking at a situation or issue from a neutral and unbiased perspective, considering all relevant information before coming to a conclusion. Objectivity is important in various fields such as journalism, science, and research to ensure accuracy and fairness in reporting and analysis. It helps to minimize the impact of personal beliefs or emotions on the outcome of a decision or evaluation.
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What philosophical currents does the New Objectivity have?
The New Objectivity, or Neue Sachlichkeit, was a philosophical and artistic movement that emerged in the early 20th century in response to the chaos and disillusionment of World War I. It was characterized by a rejection of romanticism and idealism in favor of a more realistic and objective portrayal of the world. The movement was influenced by philosophical currents such as existentialism, phenomenology, and realism, which emphasized the importance of individual experience, perception, and the objective representation of reality. The New Objectivity sought to capture the essence of modern life and society through a clear and unembellished lens, reflecting the influence of these philosophical currents on its artistic and intellectual endeavors.
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